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Proliferation is defined as the expansion of cells by the continuous division of single cells into two identical daughter cells.
Differentiation is defined as the process whereby undifferentiated cells acquire the features of specialized cells.
The relationship between proliferation and differentiation is:
From the above definitions and relationships between proliferation and differentiation, it is clear that neither process can be quantified using the same assay because the readouts for proliferation and differentiation are different.
It is therefore imperative that the correct assay be used. An assay that detects differentiation (e.g. the colony-forming assay, CFC/CFU) cannot be used to measure proliferation status or potential. Similarly, a proliferation assay (e.g. HALO®) cannot be used to detect differentiation status or potential. However a proliferation assay can be used to predict differentiation, but not visa versa.
Understanding the concepts of proliferation and differentiation and the assays that can be used to detect and measure these processes are fundamental in properly ascertaining and quantifying stem cell "quality" and potency. Using the incorrect assay can cause false interpretation of the results and serious consequences for the patient.